|
Cicadas
Northern
Greengrocer
Cyclochila virens
- Cicadas are insects which are classified in the order Hemiptera
- This order includes all insects with piercing and sucking mouth-parts.
- Other
insects in this order are bugs, aphids and scale insects.
- There are
more than 200 Australian species of cicadas, most of which belong to the
one large family, the Cicadidae.
-
Cicadas are sometimes known as locusts in Australia, but that term is
more correctly applied to certain migratory species of grasshopper.
Identification:
- Adult cicadas have stout bodies with two pairs of wings.
- The wing
spans of the different species range from about 2.5 cm - 15 cm.
- When not
in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body.
- The longer fore
wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not
overlap.
- The fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in a
few species it is dull and opaque.
- The wings are strengthened by a
number of thin, firm veins.
- Adult cicadas have three pairs of legs all about the same length.
- The
femur (or thigh joint) of the fore leg is thicker than that of the other
legs
- Cicadas have large compound eyes situated one on each side of the
head.
- They also have three very small glistening simple eyes (ocelli) on
the top of the head.
- The cicada's antennae (feelers) are quite small and
bristle-like.
- The mouth parts of the cicada are enclosed in a long, thin, beak-like
sheath.
- The sheath (labium) passes backwards from the lower surface of
the head between the legs when the insect is not feeding. It contains
four fine, needle-like stylets used in feeding.
The Green Baron psaltoda magnifica
-
The two most commonly seen Cicadas at
Chambers Wildlife Rainforest Lodge
are
the Northern Greengrocer
Cyclochila
virens (top)
and
The Green Baron psaltoda magnifica. (left)
Feeding:
- Cicadas feed by piercing the surface of plants with their mouth
stylets.
- They then suck up the sap through a tube formed by the concave
surfaces of two of the stylets.
- This piercing and sucking kind of
feeding apparatus can be contrasted with the biting and chewing kind
found in grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles and caterpillars.
- Cicadas may cause some slowing of the growth of trees from the amount
of sap that they consume, but the effects are not very noticeable.
-
Cicadas are eaten in large quantities by birds. They are also carried
off by wasps as food for their young, and undoubtedly serve as food for
many other animals Even the nymphs beneath the ground are parasitised by
the larvae of Feather-horned Beetles (family Rhipiceridae).
Viewing:
- The adults of larger kinds of cicadas can be found on the trunks or
branches of trees in summer.
- They are often wary and fly away when
approached.
- Smaller kinds often live on low shrubs, or even on long
grass.
- They are considered harmless to people, despite the fact
that their high-pitched call may annoy some people.
- They
do not bite, though they may cling to the skin with their sharp claws
when handled.
Singing:
-
Cicadas are notorious singers.
-
The song is a mating call produced by
the males only.
-
Each species has its own distinctive call and only
attracts females of its own kind even though rather similar species may
co-exist.
- Cicadas are the only insects to have developed such an effective and
specialised means of producing sound.
- Some large species such as the
Northern Greengrocer and the Double Drummer produce a noise
intensity in excess of 120 dB at close range (this is approaching the
pain threshold of the human ear).
- In contrast, some small species have
songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our
hearing.
- The apparatus used by cicadas for singing is complex and research is
still continuing on the mechanisms involved.
- The organs which produce
sound are the tymbals, a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the
abdomen.
- Contracting the internal tyrnbal muscles causes the tymbals to
buckle inwards and produces a pulse of sound.
- By relaxing these muscles,
the tymbals pop back to their original position.
- In some cicada species,
a pulse of sound is produced as each rib buckles.
- Both male and female cicadas have organs for hearing
(tympana).
- These 'tympana' are a pair of
large, mirror-like membranes, which are connected to an auditory organ by a short tendon.
- When a
male sings, it creases the tympana so that it won't be deafened by its
own noise.
- Many species of cicada sing during the heat of the day.
- The loud
noise produced by some day-singing cicadas actually repels birds,
probably because the noise is painful to the birds' ears and interferes
with their normal communication.
- The males of many cicada species,
including the Northern Greengrocer, and the Double Drummer, tend to
group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise
and reduces the chances of bird predation.
- Some cicada species only sing at dusk.
- Often these species are weak
fliers (as in the case of the Bladder Cicada).
- They gain some protection
from predatory birds by confining their activity to dusk.
Lifecycle:
- Cicadas spend most of their life underground
as nymphs (small, wingless cicadas), living on the sap from plant
roots.
- It has been suggested
that some of the large, common Australian species of cicada may live
underground for around 6-7 years.
- This would explain why adult
cicadas are much more abundant during some seasons than others, with
peaks occurring every few years.
- The periodical cicadas of North America
spend 13 or 17 years underground.
Full size nymph prior
- They nymphs shed their skin at intervals as they grow.
to shedding
its skin:
- When the nymph reaches full size it
digs its way to the surface with its front legs, which are specially
adapted for digging. It generally
surfaces about nightfall in late spring or early summer. The nymph
then climbs on to a tree trunk or other object and sheds its skin
for the last time. The fully-winged adult cicada which emerges
leaves its old empty nymphal skin behind. ( Source: Dr Max Moulds
Australian Museum )
-
In contrast to that of the nymph, the life of adult cicadas is very
short, lasting only a few weeks.
-
After mating, the adult female cicada
lays its eggs.
-
It does this by piercing plant stems with its ovipositor
(egg-laying spike at the tip of the abdomen) and inserting the eggs into
the slits it has made.
-
The eggs hatch into the nymphs,
and they fall to the ground and burrow below the
surface, beginning the life cycle once again.
Additional Information: Courtesy of Damon Ramsey
-
These are the
biggest bugs likely to be commonly encountered in the Daintree forests.
-
Adults live between a few days and a few weeks depending on the species, in
which time they mate several times.
-
Safe underground, the nymphs use their pointed rostrum to pierce
the roots and suck up the sap from plants.
-
Most of the 200 species found in
Australia are found nowhere else, and the highest diversity of species on the
continent is in north-eastern Queensland.
-
Despite their incredibly loud
calls they can be difficult to
locate, and are often only seen when flying into buildings in the evening.
Script: Courtesy of Damon Ramsey BSc.(Zool) Biologist Guide
|
